Evaluación del agua minero-medicinal de Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña, provincia del Chaco, Argentina / Evaluation of the mineral-medicinal water of Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña, Chaco province, Argentina / Avaliação da água mineral-medicinal da Presidência Roque Sáenz Peña, província de Chaco, Argentina

RESUMEN Introducción: El agua minero-medicinal estudiada procede del Complejo Termal de Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña, provincia del Chaco, ubicado en el nordeste de Argentina. Las aguas de los acuíferos terciarios del norte argentino presentan un marcado gradiente de salinidad desde el sector oeste (subgrupo Jujuy) hasta el sector este (formación Chaco). Los acuíferos son procesos dinámicos y, en consecuencia, la composición del agua subterránea natural debe contemplarse con la perspectiva de su posible variación espacio-temporal. Objetivos: Analizar y comparar la composición química y la calidad microbiológica del agua de las termas de la ciudad de Sáenz Peña en el período 2016-2018 y evaluar sus principales características fisicoquímicas que definen sus potenciales aplicaciones terapéuticas. Resultados: El agua termal por su temperatura se clasifica como agua hipotermal, con pH cercano a la neutralidad, conductividad elevada mostrando su relación directa con la alta salinidad. Por su porcentual equivalente se define como agua clorurada, con alto contenido del anión sulfato y los cationes sodio, potasio, calcio y magnesio. De acuerdo con la composición mayoritaria de cloruros, el uso terapéutico vía tópica sería recomendado para afecciones óseas y musculares, así como problemas dermatológicos y circulatorios.

SUMMARY Introduction: The mineral-medicinal water studied comes from the Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña Thermal Complex, Chaco province, located in the northeast of Argentina. The waters of the tertiary aquifers of northern Argentina present a marked salinity gradient from the western sector (Jujuy subgroup) to the eastern sector (Chaco formation). Aquifers are dynamic processes and consequently, the composition of natural groundwater must be viewed from the perspective of its possible spatial-temporal variation. Aims: To analyse and to compare the chemical composition and microbiological quality of thermal water of the city of Sáenz Peña in the 2016-2018 period and to evaluate its main physicochemical characteristics that define its potential therapeutic applications. Results: Due to its temperature, the thermal water is classified as hypothermal water, with a pH close to neutrality, high conductivity, showing its direct relationship with high salinity. Its equivalent percentage defined as chlorinated water, with high content of the sulphate anion and the cations sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. According to the majority composition of chlorides, topical use is recommended for bone and muscle ailments, as well as dermatological and circulatory problems.

RESUMO Introdução: A água mineral-medicinal estudada provém do Complexo Térmico Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña, província de Chaco, localizada no nordeste da Argentina. As águas dos aquíferos terciários do norte da Argentina apresentam um acentuado gradiente de salinidade do setor ocidental (subgrupo Jujuy) ao setor oriental (formação Chaco). Os aquíferos são processos dinâmicos e, consequentemente, a composição da água subterrânea natural deve ser vista sob a perspectiva de sua possível variação espaço-temporal. Objetivos: Analisar e comparar a composição química e qualidade microbiológica das águas termais da cidade de Sáenz Peña no período 2016-2018 e avaliar suas principais características físico-químicas que definem seus potenciais aplicações terapêuticas. Resultados: Devido à sua temperatura, a água termal é classificada como água hipotérmica, com pH próximo da neutralidade, alta condutividade, mostrando sua relação direta com a alta salinidade. Seu percentual equivalente definido como água clorada, com alto teor do ânion sulfato e dos cátions sódio, potássio, cálcio e magnésio. De acordo com a composição majoritária dos cloretos, o uso tópico é recomendado para doenças ósseas e musculares, bem como para problemas dermatológicos e circulatórios.

Trabajos originales Preferencia termal de machos adultos de Cryphiops caementarius previamente aclimatados a diferen- tes temperaturas / Thermal preference of adult males of Cryphiops caementarius previously acclimated at different temperatures

Resumen El objetivo fue determinar la preferencia termal de machos adultos de Cryphiops caementarius previamente aclimatados a diferentes temperaturas. Los camarones se colectaron del río Pativilca. En laboratorio, los camarones se aclimataron durante 30 días en nueve acuarios, cada uno con 10 recipientes circulares. En cada recipiente hubo un camarón (10 por acuario). Las temperaturas de aclimatación fueron de 19, 24 y 28 °C. El sistema de gradiente de temperatura (12 a 33 °C) fue una canaleta de PVC (3 m de longitud y 10 cm de profundidad) con 18 compartimentos. En un extremo de la canaleta se colocaron termorreguladores sumergibles (100W) y en el otro extremo, bolsas con hidrogel congeladas. La preferencia termal se determinó por el método agudo y las pruebas se realizaron entre las 08:00 y 14:00 h. Los camarones aclimatados a 24 °C se desplazaron a compartimentos cuyas temperaturas fueron más altas que la temperatura de aclimatación. Los camarones aclimatados a 24 °C se desplazaron a compartimentos cuyas temperaturas fueron alrededor de la temperatura de aclimatación. Los camarones aclimatados a 28 °C se desplazaron a compartimentos donde las temperaturas fueron más bajas que aquella de aclimatación. La preferencia termal de los camarones aclimatados a 19 °C fue de 22.7 °C, y la de los aclimatados a 24 °C fue de 24.8 °C, ambos sin diferencias significativas (p>0.05). En cambio, en los aclimatados a 28°C fue de 21.1 °C, que solo difirió (p<0.05) con los aclimatados a 19 °C. La preferencia termal final fue de 24.5 °C.

Abstract In this work, we establish the thermal preference of Cryphiops caementarius adult males, previously acclimated at different temperatures. Shrimp were collected from the Pativilca River. In the laboratory, shrimp were acclimated for 30 days in nine aquariums, each with 10 circular containers. In each container, there was a shrimp (10 per aquarium). Acclimation temperatures were 19, 24 and 28 °C. The gradient temperature system (12 to 33 °C) consisted for a PVC gutter (3 m long and 10 cm deep) with 18 compartments. Submersible thermoregulators (100W) were placed at one end of the gutter and the other end, frozen hydrogel bags. The thermal preference was determined by the acute method and the tests were performed between 08:00 and 14:00 h. Shrimp acclimated at 24 °C moved to compartments whose temperatures were higher than the acclimation temperature. Shrimp acclimated at 24 °C moved to compartments whose temperatures were around the acclimation temperature. Shrimp acclimated at 28 °C moved to compartments where temperatures were lower than acclimation. The thermal preference of acclimated shrimp at 19 °C was 22.7 °C, and those acclimated at 24 °C were 24.8 °C, both without significant differences (p>0.05). On the other hand, in acclimated ones at 28 °C it was 21.1 °C, which only differed (p<0.05) with those acclimated at 19 °C. The final thermal preference was 24.5 °C.

Speed and heart rate variation during marathon running in a hot environment / Variación de la velocidad y la frecuencia cardiaca durante un maratón en un ambiente caluroso

Abstract The purpose of the study was to analyze the variation of running speed and heart rate in amateur runners during a marathon in a hot environment. Eighteen runners (weight: 65.2 ± 12.21 kg, height: 168.4 ± 10.6 cm, VO2max: 52.9 ± 7.1 ml/kg/min) took part of a beach-side marathon (42195 m) under a temperature of 27.8 ± 3.52 ºC and at 0-80 m altitude. Pearson's correlation showed a significant linear relationship between the increase in thermal stress index (WGBT) and the speed variation (r= 0.168, p= 0.049). In this respect, the total duration of the race revealed a direct relationship with speed (r= 0.675, p= 0.003) and heart rate (r= 0.631, p= 0.007) variation. Multiple regressions analysis showed that 61.6% of the final race time was explained by the speed variation in the 26 to 30 km course section (r 2 = 0.61; F= 26.17; p< 0.001) and 37% by the heart rate variation in the 31 to 35 km section (r 2 = 0.37; F= 10.38; p< 0.001). In conclusion, an increase in the environmental temperature provoked a decrease in running pacing, with a stronger effect in the second half of the race. Therefore, coaches should take these aspects into account in training and strategies to mitigate the impact of these conditions on the physical and physiological performance of amateur runners.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a variação da velocidade da corrida e a frequência cardíaca em corredores amadores durante uma maratona em um ambiente de alto índice térmico. Dezoito corredores amadores (peso: 65,2 ± 12,21 kg, altura: 168,4 ± 10,6 cm, VO2max: 52,9 ± 7,1 ml/kg/min) correram uma maratona (42195 m) em proximidade ao mar, sob um índice térmico de 27,8 ± 3,52 ºC e com percurso de 0-80 metros acima do nível do mar. O teste de Pearson apresentou uma correlação significativa entre o aumento do índice de estresse térmico (IBUTG) e a variação da velocidade (r= 0,168, p= 0,049). Neste sentido, a duração total da corrida apresentou uma relação direta com a velocidade (r= 0,675, p= 0,003) e a variação da frequência cardíaca (r= 0,631, p= 0,007). O tempo final da corrida se interpretou em 61,6% e 37% pela variação da velocidade de 26 a 30 km (r 2 = 0,61; F= 26,17; p< 0,001) e pela variabilidade da frequência cardíaca no lapso de 31 a 35 km (r 2 = 0,37; F= 10,38; p< 0,001), respectivamente. Em suma, o índice térmico provoca uma diminuição no ritmo da velocidade, sendo esse efeito maior na segunda metade da corrida. Devido a isso, os preparadores devem planejar treinamentos e estratégias para mitigar o impacto dessas condições no desempenho físico e fisiológico dos corredores amadores.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la variación de la velocidad de carrera y la frecuencia cardíaca en corredores aficionados durante un maratón en un entorno de alto índice térmico. Dieciocho corredores aficionados (peso: 65.2 ± 12.21 kg, altura: 168.4 ± 10.6 cm, VO2max: 52.9 ± 7.1 ml/kg/min) corrieron un maratón (42 195 m) en cercanía al mar bajo un índice térmico de 27.8 ± 3.52ºC y con recorrido de 0-80 m.s.n.m. La prueba de Pearson mostró una correlación significativa entre el aumento del índice de estrés termal (TGBH) y la variación de la velocidad (r = 0.168, p = 0.049). En este sentido, la duración total de la carrera presentó una relación directa con la velocidad (r = 0.675, p = 0.003) y la variación de la frecuencia cardíaca (r= 0.631, p = 0.007). El tiempo final de carrera se explicó en un 61.6% y 37% por la variación de la velocidad de 26 a 30 km (r 2 = 0.61; F = 26.17; p < 0.001) y por la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca en el lapso de 31 a 35 km (r 2 = 0.37; F= 10.38; p < 0.001) respectivamente. En conclusión, el índice térmico provoca una disminución en el ritmo de la velocidad, este efecto mayor en la segunda mitad de la carrera. Por lo anterior, entrenadores deben planificar entrenamientos y estrategias para mitigar el impacto de estas condiciones en el desempeño físico y fisiológico de los corredores amateur.

A thermodynamic paradigm for using satellite based geophysical measurements in public health applications / Um paradigma termodinâmico para o uso de medidas geofísicas baseadas em satélites e suas aplicações em saúde pública

A thermodynamic paradigm for studying disease vector’s habitats & life cycles using NASA’s remote sensing data is being proposed. NASA’s current and planned satellite missions provide measurements of the critical environmental measures environmental state functions important to vector & disease life cycles such as precipitation, soil moisture, temperature, vapor pressure deficits, wet/dry edges, and solar radiation. Satellite data provide landscape scale process functions represented by land use/cover mapping and actual measurements of ecological functions/structure: canopy cover, species, phenology, and aquatic plant coverage. These measurements are taken in a spatial context and provide a time series of data to track changes in time. Global public health is entering a new informational age through the use of spatial models of disease vector/host ecologies driven by the use of remotely sensed data to measure environmental and structural factors critical in determining disease vector habitats, distributions, life cycles, and host interactions. The vector habitat microclimates can be quantified in terms of the surface energy budget measured by satellites. The epidemiological equations (processes) can be adapted and modified to explicitly incorporate environmental factors and interfaces required by a specific disease and its vector/host cycle. Remote sensing can be used to measure or evaluate or estimate both environment (state functions) and interface (process functions). It is critical that the products of remote sensing must be expressed in a way they can be integrated directly into the epidemiological equations.

Um paradigma termodinâmico para estudar os habitats e ciclos de vida dos vetores de doenças utilizando dados de sensoriamento remoto da NASA está sendo proposto. As missões atuais e planejadas para os satélites da NASA fornecem medições das funções críticas ambientais e funções do estado ambiental, importantes para os ciclos de vida de vetores e doenças, como precipitação, umidade do solo, temperatura, déficits de pressão do vapor, bordas úmidas/secas e radiação solar. Os dados de satélite fornecem as funções dos processos na escala da paisagem, representada pelo mapeamento do uso/cobertura da terra e medições reais das funções/estruturas ecológicas: cobertura do dossel, espécies, fenologia e cobertura de plantas aquáticas. Essas medições são feitas em um contexto espacial e fornecem uma série temporal de dados para rastrear dinâmica das mudanças. A saúde pública global está entrando em uma nova era informacional através do uso de modelos espaciais para vetores/hospedeiros de doenças, impulsionados pelo uso de dados de sensoriamento remoto, para medir fatores ambientais e estruturais críticos na determinação de habitats de vetores de doenças, distribuições, ciclos de vida e interações com o hospedeiro. Os microclimas dos habitats vetoriais podem ser quantificados em termos do orçamento de energia superficial, medidos por satélites. As equações epidemiológicas (processos) podem ser adaptadas e modificadas para incorporar explicitamente fatores e interfaces ambientais requeridos por uma doença específica e o ciclo do seu vetor/hospedeiro. O sensoriamento remoto pode ser usado para medir ou avaliar, ou mesmo estimar tanto o ambiente (funções do seu estado) quanto a interface (funções de seus processos). É fundamental que os produtos de sensoriamento remoto sejam expressos de forma a integrá-los diretamente às equações epidemiológicas.

The effect of astaxanthin on resistance of juvenile prawns Macrobrachium nipponense (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) to physical and chemical stress / Efecto de la astaxantina en la resistencia al estrés físico y químico de los langostinos jóvenes de Macrobrachium nipponense (Decapoda: Palaemonidae)

In recent years, the use of new scientific techniques has effectively improved aquaculture production processes. Astaxanthin has various properties in aquacultureand its antioxidant benefits have been closely related to stress resistance; besides, it is an essential factor for growth in many crustaceans and fish. The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance of prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) fed diets containing different amounts of astaxanthin (AX) to the shock and stress of differentphysicochemical environments. A 70-day trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of a source of astaxanthin (Carophyll Pink, 10% astaxanthin, w/w, Hoffman-La Roche, Switzerland) at various levels in the diet of M. nipponense juveniles. Four dry diets were prepared: AX0 without astaxanthin, AX50 with 50mg/kg, AX100 with 100mg/kg, and AX150 with 150mg/kg astaxanthin. The feeding trial was conducted in a recirculation water system consisting of 12 fiberglass tanks (1 000L) used for holding prawns. Three replicate aquaria were initially stocked with 36org/m² per tank. During the trial, prawns were maintained on a 12:12-h light:dark photoperiod with an ordinary incandescent lamp, and the water quality parameters were maintained as follows: water temperature, 25-26°C; salinity, 1g/L; pH, 8.5-8.8; dissolved oxygen, 6.0-6.5mg/L; and ammonia-nitrogen, 0.05mg/L. Incorporation of AX, production output, and physiological condition were recorded after 10 weeks of feeding. At the end of the growing period, the prawns were exposed to thermal shock (0°C), ammonia (0.75mg/L), and reduced oxygen (0.5mg/L). The time to lethargyand the time to complete death of the prawns were recorded. The results showed that control prawns had the shortest time to lethargy and death compared with prawns subjected to the other treatments. The results of this study have shown that the amount of muscle tissue and gill carotenoids in prawn fed with an AX150 diet showed greater reduction than those exposed to other treatments. It is possible that higher levels of astaxanthin in the body under oxygen reduction stress can be beneficial forprawns. These results suggest that male prawns showed lethargy earlier than females, and the percentage of carotenoid reduction in muscle and gill tissues was higher inmales. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (4): 1331-1341. Epub 2014 December 01.

En años recientes, la utilización de nuevas técnicas científicas ha tenido un efecto importante en mejorar los procesos de producción en acuicultura. La astaxantina tiene varias propiedades en la acuicultura y sus propiedades antioxidantes se encuentran estrechamente relacionadas con la resistencia al estrés. La astaxantina en muchos crustáceos y peces es un factor esencial para el crecimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la resistencia del langostino (Macrobrachium nipponense) alimentado con dietas conteniendo diferentes cantidades de astaxantina (AX), bajo diferentes condiciones de estrés ambiental. Un ensayo de 70 días fue llevado a cabo para evaluar el efecto de la suplementación de fuentes de astaxantina (Carophyll Pink, 10 % astaxanthin) en varios niveles en la dieta de jóvenes de M. nipponense. Cuatro dietas fueron preparadas: AX0 sin astaxantina, AX50 con 50mg/kg, AX100 con 100mg/kg y AX150 con 150mg/kg de astaxantina. Los ensayos de alimentación fueron conducidos en un sistema de recirculación de agua consistente en 12 estanques de fibra de vidrio (1 000L). Tres replicas fueron sembradas con 36org/m2 por tanque. Durante el experimento los langostinos fueron mantenidos con un fotoperiodo de 12:12 luz:oscuridad con lámparas incandescentes y los parámetros de la calidad del agua fueron mantenidos a 25-26°C la temperatura, 1 g/L la salinidad, 8.5-8.8 el pH, 6.0-6.5 mg/L el oxígeno y 0.05mg/L el nitrógeno amoniacal. La incorporación de la astaxantina, producción y condiciones fisicoquímicas fueron registradas después de 10 semanas de alimentación. Al final del periodo de crecimiento, los langostinos fueron expuestos a un shock térmico (0°C), amonio (0.75mg/L) y reducción de oxígeno 0.5 mg/L. El tiempo de letargia y el tiempo de muerte fueron registrados. Se encontró que la dieta con la mayor concentración de astaxantina (150mg/kg) presentó el mayor tiempo de letargia y la mayor concentración en branquias y músculo en el langostino M. nipponense.

Relación de caries dental y fluorosis en escolares de cuatro localidades termales del departamento de Potosí-Bolivia / Relationship between dental caries and fluorosis in schoolboys and schoolgirls of four thermal localities from Potosí-Bolivia

El presente trabajo es una recopilación de diferentes investigaciones realizadas por la misma autora, desde al año 2005 al 2008 en localidades termales ubicadas en las cercanías de la ciudad de Potosí - Bolivia, (Tarapaya, Miraflores, Chaqui y Don Diego). Los objetivos fueron evaluar la presencia de fluorosis dental, caries dental, hábitos higiénicos-alimenticios en escolares de estas regiones. Se determinó caries dental con el índice CPO-D, para Tarapaya 0.75, Miraflores 1.4, Chaqui 0.8, Don Diego 2.29. En el índice ceo-d se ubicó 4.7 Tarapaya, Miraflores 5.7, Chaqui 4.4 y Don Diego 3.69. Se estableció fluorosis dental con el índice de Dean. En Chaqui se encontró en dientes permanentes hasta el grado 4 (8,1%) y en piezas temporales no se evidenció. No se encontró fluorosis en Tarapaya ni Miraflores. En relación al consumo de alimentos con contenido de calcio, hidratos de carbono y azúcar refinada, la mayoría, sí consumen. Con referencia al consumo de aguas termales, no se realiza en Tarapaya, es escaso en Miraflores, en Chaqui y Don Diego el consumo es mixto. Se recomienda la implementación de un Programa de atención primaria en salud para caries y fluorosis dental. Asimismo ampliar el estudio de análisis químico de flúor en aguas en todas sus fuentes.

The present work is a compilation of different research projects made by the same author, from 2005 to 2008 in thermal localities placed near Potosí - Bolivia (Tarapaya, Miraflores, Chaquí and Don Diego). The objectives were to evaluate the presence of dental fluorosis, dental cavities, hygiene - nourishing habits in schoolboys and schoolgirls from these regions. The dental caries indexesusing DMFT was for Tarapaya 0.75, Miraflores 1.4. Chaquí 0.8, Don Diego 2.29. in the index dmft was 4.7 Tarapaya, Miraflores 5.7, Chaquí 4.4 and Don Diego 3.69. Dental fluorosis was established with the Dean index. In Chaquí it was found grade 5 (6,5%) in permanent teeth and grade 2 (1,6%), in temporal teeth till and it was not demonstrated in primary teeth. Fluorosis was found neither in Tarapaya nor in Miraflores. There was a relation between nourishing and the content of calcium, carbohydrates and refined sugar. Consumption of thermal water was limited to Miraflores and it was nor consumed in Tarapaya, in Chaquí and Don Diego the consumption was mixed. Its is recommended the implementation of a program for primary health attention for dental caries and dental fluorosis. This study should be completed with chemical analysis of fluoride in the water.

Amibas de vida libre potencialmente patógenas en aguas del parque “Las Cocuizas”, Maracay, Venezuela / Potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae present in “Las Cocuizas” park waters, Maracay, Venezuela

Se determinó la presencia de amibas de vida libre, y la calidad microbiológica de las aguas para la recreación del parque “Las Cocuizas” en Maracay, Venezuela, en 30 muestras de agua captadas en diferentes lugares dentro del parque. Se investigó la presencia de amibas de vida libre y otros parásitos mediante exámenes directo y por coloración. También se determinaron los recuentos de aerobios mesófilos, coliformes totales y fecales. Se observó la presencia de formas parasitarias en 15 del total de las 30 muestras; en 8 se visualizaron formas compatibles con Naegleria fowleri y en las 7 restantes otros parásitos. Del total de las muestras 37,0 % reveló un número más probable de coliformes fecales superior a 200/100 mL-1 y 33,3 % mostró contaminación fecal activa con Escherichia coli. Se evidenció que existe riesgo de contaminación por diversos microorganismos patógenos transmitidos por el agua y esto puede ser peligroso para los usuarios del parque.

The objective of this study was to determine the presence of free-living amoebae and the microbiological quality of the recreational waters of Cocuizas Park in Maracay, Venezuela. Thirty samples taken from different park sites were analyzed. The presence of free-living amoebae and other parasitic was detected by fresh mounts and specific parasitic stain slides. Mesophilic aerobic bacteria and total faecal Coliforms were also determined. Parasitic forms were observed in 15 of the 30 samples that were analyzed. Forms compatible with Naegleria fowleri were seen in eight of the samples; other parasites were observed in the remaining seven samples. 37% of the samples revealed faecal coliforms above 200/100 mL-1 and 33,3% showed an active Escherichia coli faecal contamination. These results show risk of human infection by several water-borne pathogenic microorganisms, which could be dangerous for users of the park.